| This is an example of the original graph. (click on the image to see full-sized).
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| This is an example of the revised graph. (click on the image to see full-sized).
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| This is an example of the averaged graph. (click on the image to see full-sized).
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A substance that forms hydronium ions in water solution (Arrhenius); a proton donor (BrØnsted). Acids have a pH of less than 7.
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A hydroxide that produces hydroxide ions in aqueous solution (Arrhenius); a proton acceptor (BrØnsted).
The H3O+ ion, which is formed by the combination of a proton with a water molecule. Its presence accounts for the properties of acids.
Organic susbstances that change color at certain pH values. The colors and pH values vary with the indicator. Examples of indicators include: blue litmus paper, red litmus paper, phenolphthalein, and hydrion paper.
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A convenient method of expressing the acidity or basicity of a solution in terms of values related inversely to the hydrogen ion concentration. A neutral solution has a pH of 7. Acidic solutions have values below 7, basic solution, above 7.
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